華映的前CEO林鎮源因為操控1997年至2003年間的映像管價格而被起訴。
★美國司法部新聞稿:Former Executive Indicted for His Role in Two Cathode Ray Tube Price-Fixing Conspiracies
大概提一下1997~1998年的情況。
1997年時,LCD面板主要是用於NB,12吋面板是主流尺寸。這時候,LCD面板應用到monitor的趨勢已經開始形成。
雖然LCD開始展露頭角,但是,這個時間點,CRT還是monitor的主流技術。
CRT幾個巨頭,在1997年~1998年之間,就有明顯的合謀拉抬價格行為。
我引用尤克熙的「1998年監視器映像管產業發展現況與趨勢分析」內文,說明那時的情況:
自從1995年彩色映像管發生全面性的短缺之後,彩色映像管廠商在一片缺貨聲中積極投入生產線的擴充及設立新工廠,加上1996年的市場狀況不如預期,使得彩色映像管產業自1996年起相繼產生供過於求的情況,如此的情況使得彩色映像管產品價格持續探底,至1997年下半年低價電腦的盛行, 以及亞洲金融風暴的引爆,使得彩色映像管產品價格更是雪上加霜,一直延燒至1998年上半年,由於彩色映像管廠商為避免情況持續惡化,在相繼減產的狀況下,聯合將14吋與15吋彩色映像管的價格提高了10~15%不等,但由於日本大部分的廠商早已完全放棄生產14吋與15吋的彩色映像管,因此受惠的廠商只有台灣與南韓兩國的廠商而已。
那時候的價格拉抬十分成功,但也擺明告訴美帝趕快啟動調查。
這時期CRT價格大戰,造成廠商無利可圖,於是Mitsubishi、Samsung等日韓廠商轉進利潤較高的高階CRT(如短管、特麗霓虹等)的生產,及LCD市場。也因此,原本排名第三的華映接手Mistubishi、Samsung空出來的市場,成為新龍頭。成為市佔率第一也沒什麼好高興的,CRT價格還是很爛,華映1998、1999年都是大虧。
直到1999年,華映的市場佔有率約25%,受惠於CRT的價格回穩,競爭者退出,彩色CRT成為獲利的主力,占獲利的95.96%。當然,好日子沒多久,華映後來的經營重心轉向LCD,獲利也隨LCD供需變化,大起大落。
從2000年之後,華映將CRT事業全部移向中國。但是,當LCD供貨緊張時,在中國擁有龐大CRT產能的華映,還偶爾調漲映像管價格。因此,美帝說直到2003年華映仍控制CRT價格,這是很有可能的。
林鎮源從1983年接華映CEO之後,歷經CRT流血大戰、LCD技術引進,到不在其位之時,LCD與CRT的價格控制訴訟接連而來。我們幾乎可以從他身上看到台灣顯示器產業的發展史。
Former Chunghwa chief indicted for role in conspiracy
AFP, WASHINGTON
Thursday, Feb 12, 2009, Page 11
A former electronics executive from Taiwan was charged on Tuesday with taking part in a global price-fixing conspiracy involving cathode ray tubes (CRTs), the US Justice Department said.
A federal grand jury in San Francisco indicted former Chunghwa Picture Tubes Ltd (中華映管) chairman and chief executive Lin Cheng-yuan (林鎮源) for allegedly fixing prices of CRTs used in computer monitors and televisions, the department said.
Lin, also known as CY Lin, was the first person charged in connection with an antitrust division investigation into the CRT industry.
He is already under indictment in connection with a price-fixing case involving Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) panels.
Lin, another former executive at Chunghwa and an executive of South Korea’s LG Display Co Ltd were indicted a week ago for allegedly taking part in a global conspiracy to fix prices of LCD panels.
In the latest indictment, the Justice Department accused Lin of “conspiring with others to suppress and eliminate competition by fixing prices, reducing output and allocating market shares” of color display tubes (CDTs) and color picture tubes (CPTs) between 1997 and 2003.
CDTs and CPTs are both types of CRTs. CDTs are used in computer monitors while CPTs are used in color TVs.
“This conspiracy harmed countless Americans who purchased computers and televisions using cathode ray tubes sold at fixed prices,” said Scott Hammond, acting assistant attorney general in the antitrust division.